K\u00f6leli\u011fin insanl\u0131k tarihi kadar eski bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi var. Anadolu\u2019da Asur d\u00f6nemi ticaret merkezleri olan Karumlarda k\u00f6le ticareti yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Sava\u015flarla ele ge\u00e7irilen yerlerdeki insanlar\u0131n k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesi, korsanlar\u0131n bask\u0131nlarla esir ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015fileri k\u00f6le pazarlar\u0131nda satmas\u0131 ve bor\u00e7 k\u00f6leli\u011fi gibi farkl\u0131 yollarla k\u00f6lelik binlerce y\u0131l boyunca ya\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131. Do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya antik d\u00f6nem imparatorluklar\u0131nda k\u00f6lelik kurumsal bir yap\u0131 kazand\u0131. Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi ise vah\u015fi Bat\u0131 Atlantik k\u00f6le ticaretini tetikledi ve milyonlarca Afrikal\u0131 insan\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesine, d\u00fczenlerinin de\u011fi\u015fmesine neden oldu. Ku\u015fkusuz k\u00f6lelik Orta \u00e7a\u011f ve Yak\u0131n\u00e7a\u011f Hristiyan tarihi ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Abbasiler d\u00f6neminde Basra dolaylar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan Zenc \u0130syan\u0131\u2019nda yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f y\u00fcz bin k\u00f6le \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve isyan \u00e7ok kanl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130slam co\u011frafyas\u0131nda k\u00f6le ticaretinin ana merkezi Zanzibar Adas\u0131\u2019yd\u0131 ve bu ticareti a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Ummanl\u0131 k\u00f6le tacirleri yap\u0131yordu. Zanzibar s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Fars\u00e7a zenci sahili anlam\u0131na gelen Zengi bar s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden geliyor olu\u015fu adan\u0131n k\u00f6le ticareti yap\u0131lan d\u00f6neminden kalma bir iz. \u0130slamiyet her ne kadar k\u00f6lelikle ilgili ko\u015fullar\u0131 olabildi\u011fince iyile\u015ftirmi\u015f, k\u00f6lelerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir\u00e7ok tavsiyede bulunmu\u015f olsa da bu yap\u0131 do\u011fu d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti tarihinde de bat\u0131daki k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele ve ko\u015fullarla asla k\u0131yaslanamayacak olsa da k\u00f6leli\u011fin mevcut oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
K\u00f6lelik yasal bir ticaretti<\/strong><\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde, t\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011fer d\u00f6nem devletlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi k\u00f6lelik yasal bir temeli ve belirlenmi\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131 olan me\u015fru bir ticari faaliyet alan\u0131yd\u0131. En fazla say\u0131da k\u00f6leye sultan sahipti. Sultandan sonra gelen vezirler, pa\u015falar ve zengin s\u0131n\u0131f durumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00f6leye sahip olabiliyordu. K\u00f6leler ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu ve 16 il\u00e2 17. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 20 civar\u0131ndaki k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u00f6lelerden meydana geliyordu. Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131ndan getirilen k\u00f6lelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Kafkasya, Kuzey Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki topraklar, Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcney Avrupa ba\u015fl\u0131ca k\u00f6le toplama kaynaklar\u0131yd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin giri\u015fti\u011fi ve zafer kazanarak d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flarla beraber k\u00f6le say\u0131s\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da k\u00f6le edinen insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kuzey Karadeniz havzas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 k\u00f6le ticaretinin son derece hareketli kaynaklar\u0131ndan biriydi. Buradaki halklar\u0131n beyaz tenli olu\u015fu onlar\u0131 makbul k\u00f6le s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na sokuyordu. Ukrayna, K\u0131r\u0131m, Moldovya, G\u00fcrcistan ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Kafkasya co\u011frafyas\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan k\u00f6leler devletin saraylar\u0131nda ve zengin b\u00fcrokrat ile asker s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n konaklar\u0131nda talep g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Karedeniz co\u011frafyas\u0131nda 15-18. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 2.5 milyon ki\u015finin k\u00f6le olarak Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na getirildi\u011fi biliniyor. Bununla beraber yetenekleri ile k\u00f6le s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan ayr\u0131l\u0131p Osmanl\u0131 saray yap\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlukla Enderun arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbelere eri\u015fen \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00f6le de mevcuttu.<\/p>\n Cezayirli korsanlar…<\/strong><\/p>\n Barbaros Hayreddin Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ba\u011flanmas\u0131 ile \u0130stanbul\u2019dan idare edilmeye ba\u015flayan Kuzey Afrika topraklar\u0131 Akdeniz\u2019deki T\u00fcrk korsanlar\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6nemli \u00fcslerini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yordu. Tunus ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Cezayir T\u00fcrk korsanlar\u0131n merkeziydi. Burada Atlas Okyanusu\u2019na a\u00e7\u0131lan korsanlar\u0131n \u0130ngiltere, \u0130rlanda ve hatta \u0130zlanda sahillerine kadar gittikleri biliniyor. Burada ele ge\u00e7irdikleri kad\u0131nlar\u0131 imparatorlu\u011fun merkezine g\u00f6nderen korsanlar ciddi kazan\u00e7 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Akdeniz\u2019de sefer eden yabanc\u0131 gemiler de zaman zaman Cezayir korsanlar\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131nlar\u0131ndan paylar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015feni al\u0131yordu. \u0130lerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde ABD gemilerinin do\u011fu Atlantik k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 ve Akdeniz\u2019de g\u00fcven i\u00e7erisinde sefer yapabilmeleri i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Cezayir Beylerbeyi idaresi ile ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 George Washington\u2019\u0131n imzas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir anla\u015fma dahi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130stanbul, \u015eam, Halep, Bursa ve Kahire gibi \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerde k\u00f6lelerin sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 pazarlar kuruluydu. Farkl\u0131 diyarlardan getirilen k\u00f6leler burada al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n be\u011fenisine sunulurdu.<\/p>\n Harem A\u011falar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 sisteminde saray\u0131n en \u00f6zel ve mahrem alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda harem geliyordu. Had\u0131m harem a\u011fal\u0131\u011f\u0131 saray k\u00f6leli\u011fi i\u00e7erisinde en y\u00fcksek mevkilerden biriydi. Harem a\u011falar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00e7ocuk ya\u015fta had\u0131m edilmi\u015f Afrika k\u00f6kenli siyahi k\u00f6lelerden olu\u015fuyordu. Bununla birlikte nadiren de olsa beyaz \u0131rktan had\u0131m harem a\u011falar\u0131na rastlan\u0131r. Harem a\u011falar\u0131 harem kurumunun disiplinini sa\u011flar, asl\u0131nda kendileri de birer k\u00f6le olan cariyelerin haremdeki d\u00fczenlerini idare ederek sultan\u0131n haremdeki huzurunun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Kap\u0131kullar\u0131, Ortak\u00e7\u0131 kullar, Acemi ocaklar\u0131 ve pen\u00e7ik sistemi ile II. Murat d\u00f6neminde sistemle\u015fen dev\u015firmelik Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde temeli k\u00f6leli\u011fe dayanan \u00e7e\u015fitli olu\u015fumlard\u0131.<\/p>\n K\u00f6leli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ilk sabit k\u00f6le pazar\u0131 Bursa\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftu. K\u00f6le ticaretinin ciddi bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7erisinde yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden sonra oldu. Edirne, Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n \u015fehirleri Midilli, Afrika\u2019da Darfur ve M\u0131s\u0131r esir ticaretinin Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli merkezleriydi. \u0130stanbul\u2019da ilk k\u00f6le pazar\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Aksaray Haseki civar\u0131nda kuruldu\u011fu ve Sultan III. Murad d\u00f6neminde Kapal\u0131\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 bedestenleri i\u00e7erisinde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Avrupa\u2019da Frans\u0131z Devrimi ile y\u00fckselen ve h\u0131zla yay\u0131lan yeni de\u011ferlerin etkisi Osmanl\u0131 toplumunu ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 da etkiledi. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler olu\u015fumunun k\u00f6leli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 bir duru\u015f sergiledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu duru\u015fun etkisi ile Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid 1909 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015fahsi hizmetinde bulunan t\u00fcm k\u00f6leleri azat etmi\u015ftir. K\u00f6leli\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131 sonras\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti ve 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u00f6leli\u011fi tamamen ve net bir bi\u00e7imde yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131p yasaklayan yasal d\u00fczenleme i\u015flerlik kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n\n Kaynak :\u00a0http:\/\/www.milliyet.com.tr\/yazarlar\/hasan-mert-kaya\/osmanlida-kolelik-7136008<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Osmanl\u0131\u2019da k\u00f6lelik yasal bir temeli ve belirlenmi\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131 olan me\u015fru bir ticari faaliyetti. \u0130lk sabit k\u00f6le pazar\u0131 Bursa\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftu. K\u00f6le ticaretinin ciddi bir d\u00fczenle yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden sonra oldu. K\u00f6leli\u011fin insanl\u0131k …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":29022,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[1789,1788,1791,1790,106],"class_list":["post-29021","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teknoloji","tag-harem","tag-kole","tag-kolelik","tag-osmanli","tag-yapi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29021","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29021"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29021\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29027,"href":"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29021\/revisions\/29027"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29022"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29021"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29021"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29021"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![](\"https:\/\/ekamu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/osmanlida-kolelik-0-hO6UhjOP.jpg\"\/)
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